Co-producing water service delivery: a scoping review and typology of informal water vending in Sub-Saharan Africa

Groundwater insecurity is a growing concern in the United States, driven by multiple overlapping stressors such as pollution, increased groundwater pumping, resource limitations, private well vulnerability, and overdraft [1]. These issues are compounded by factors like reduced natural recharge, contamination from human activities, water scarcity, climate change, and unsustainable resource use, all of which threaten groundwater’s capacity to support human, ecosystem, and economic needs [2,3,4,5,6]. Given these challenges, assessing groundwater vulnerability to contamination has become increasingly important for guiding effective management strategies and land use planning.